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a) diet that includes more plant foods than animal foods could be associated with
a) 16% lower risk of cardiovascular disease and up to 25% lower risk of early death. The new study adds to “the substantial body of literature” suggesting that consuming
a) plant-based diet is associated with better heart health and lower risk of death, said Casey Rebholz, an assistant professor at the Johns Hopkins University and senior author of the study. “Plant-based diets emphasize higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods. Foods derived from plants include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes,” Rebholz said. “Animal foods include meat, eggs, dairy, and fish or seafood,” she said. “In this study, we did not define plant-based diets on the basis of complete exclusion of animal foods from the diet but rather ranked individuals according to their relative frequency of intake of these foods.” The study involved data on 12,168 middle-aged adults in the United States. The adults, who were followed up from 1987 through 2016, did not have cardiovascular disease at the start of the study. The researchers took
a) close look at each adult's usual diet and their heart health later in life, including whether they were diagnosed with stroke, heart failure or other events related to cardiovascular disease. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that the adults who stuck to diets with mostly plant-based foods, compared with those who had the lowest adherence, had
a) 16% lower risk of cardiovascular disease; about 32% lower risk of dying from
a) cardiovascular disease; and 18% to 25% lower risk of early death from any cause. The study had some limitations, including that the data on dietary intakes were based on people self-reporting their eating habits, which poses
a) risk of measurement error.
a) causal relationship exists, and to determine how the modern food supply might influence outcomes, as the data in the study came from years’ past. Cardiovascular diseases, disorders of the heart and blood vessels such as heart disease, are the number one cause of death globally, according to the World Health Organization. The new study's findings are “important,” said Dr. McMacken, professor of medicine at NYU School of Medicine in New York, who was not involved in the study. “They strongly suggest that in
a) general US population who don't necessarily identify as vegetarian, the higher the proportion of plant foods in the diet, the lower the risk of cardiovascular events and death from any cause,” McMacken said, adding that plant-based diets can promote heart health by multiple mechanisms. “First, they are higher in beneficial nutrients such as fiber, plant fats, potassium, and antioxidants, and lower in potentially harmful nutrients such as animal-based iron, animal fats and nitrite preservatives,” she said. “Second, plant-based diets are also linked to healthier body weights, lower inflammation, lower risk of type 2 diabetes, better blood pressure and blood vessel function, and beneficial gut bacterial metabolites,” she said. “All of these factors translate into
a) lower cardiovascular risk.”
a) higher risk of cardiovascular problems,
a) large study suggests. For five years, researchers tracked more than 32,000 patients from 45 countries. All were living with stable coronary artery disease, which means the arteries that carry blood to the heart were narrowed or clogged but hadn't been causing problems for at least several months. About 11 percent of study participants lived alone. [A] After accounting for factors that might influence the risk of heart problems - such as age, sex, smoking status, and diabetes - the researchers found that overall, compared to participants who lived with other people, those living alone had no higher risk for heart attacks, strokes, heart failure or death.
a) difference between men and women, however. Men living alone had
a) 17 percent higher risk for major adverse cardiovascular events, according to the report in the journal Heart. “Men living alone who previously were married or cohabited with women may not have as strong coping mechanisms or social supports,” lead author Dr. Sumeet Gandhi of St Michael's Hospital and the University of Toronto told Reuters Health. The researchers also highlight some findings that were not statistically significant, meaning they could have been coincidental and need closer study. For instance, women living alone tended to have
a) lower risk of heart attack compared with women or men living with others. “Historically, women manage the household and assume
a) nurturing role and may develop superior self-care skills than their male counterparts,” Gandhi and colleagues write. “Women socialize differently than women and may form stronger social networks ... relying less on spousal support compared with men.”
a) protective mechanism for the plant; others propose that they might attract pollinators. Peppermint is
a) popular essential oil used alone and in combination with other essential oils. Menthol is the main component of peppermint oil and is responsible for the noticeable cooling sensation. Menthol is extracted from plants or synthesized. Menthol is largely used as
a) flavoring or olfactory agent in
a) variety of products, including mouthwashes, toothpastes, and shampoos. It also can be found in throat lozenges, intranasal inhalers, lotions, pain creams, foods, and many other products.
a) “carrier oil", lotion, or other vehicle. If
a) high-percentage menthol product is applied to the skin, irritation and even chemical burns have been reported. There are
a) few reports of people being very sensitive to menthol and having severe skin reactions to even small amounts.
a) warning against putting products with menthol near
a) flame, in hot water, or in
a) microwave oven. There is additional warning about applying
a) menthol product to the skin and placing
a) heating pad over it. The heat increases absorption through the skin. In one case, putting
a) heating pad on
a) menthol rub resulted in tissue death.
a) number of ways including spraying the cut tobacco, application to the pack foil, injection into the filter, and placement of
a) menthol thread or crushable capsule within the filter. Nicotine replacement products used to stop smoking work for these addicts as well.
a) large meal. Often they become obese and have shortened life spans, dying of heart attacks, diabetes, and other medical conditions. For some people,
a) genetic problem results in
a) desire to eat and never feel full while at the same time slowing down the body’s metabolism so that people gain massive amounts of weight if their diets are not controlled. For others, eating is such
a) pleasure that it is almost like
a) drug-induced high. Some research indicates that this pleasure may be the result of people’s brains being unable to adjust to the present-day life of abundant food. the mechanism for eating is composed of
a) multitude of genes and neuro-chemicals that control the appetite and metabolism. The smell, sight, and, above all, taste of foods send positive signals to the brain indicating
a) desire to eat. This releases dopamine,
a) hormone that gives people
a) feeling of pleasure. As the stomach expands as the person gets full, the brain receives
a) message telling the person to slow down until he stops eating. If someone eats too fast, the brain does not have time to absorb the information, and the person will consume more than is necessary.
a) man to eat even when he is not hungry, the brain must release dopamine at the very sight and smell of food. Researchers have taken test subjects, deprived them of food for up to twenty hours, and then allowed them to see and smell food but not to eat it. Scans taken of these people’s brain activity at this time showed massive increases in dopamine. Strangely, the research noted that the dopamine was not concentrated in the pleasure centres but in the centres that control habitual actions. The researchers concluded that one of the reasons people eat when they are not hungry is that the sight and smell of food is so powerful that they cannot refuse it. In our modern land of plenty, this has been
a) factor in rising levels of obesity.
a) charity. Yet tougher tactics will ultimately do little if housing costs remain high. This is the underlying reason for rising homelessness—which is perhaps one reason why America’s Supreme Court on December 16th affirmed that lawmakers may not criminalise rough sleeping. Few Americans lived on the streets in the early post-war period because housing was cheaper. Back then only one in four tenants spent more than 30% of their income on rent, compared with one in two today. The best evidence suggests that
a) 10% rise in housing costs in
a) pricey city prompts an 8% jump in homelessness.
a) skeleton or the outlines of
a) long-dead animal's body. But many other trace fossil life can survive up to the present, including footprints, nests or burrows, and even pieces of poop (known as coprolites). These preserved structures, called trace fossils, capture particular moments in time and can often tell scientists
a) great deal about extinct animals' behavior. "A body fossil is
a) picture. A trace fossil is
a) complete movie," leadstudy author Jorge Fernanda Genise,
a) paleontologist at the Bernardino Rivadavia Natural Science Museum, says in an email. "You can 'see' the insects moving, digging, vivisors, [and] constructing walls."
a) new bee family tree model, combining DNA from 64 living bee species with the newfound fossil nests and previous fossil finds. DNA alone can generate useful family trees, but estimating when various groups lived and diverged from one another can be tricky. By layering in fossil data, Genise and his colleagues could constrain the minimum ages of some bee groups, and the new fossil nests revealed that halictids evolved more than 100 million years ago. The model shows that modern bees started diversifying at
a) breakneck pace about 114 million years ago, right around the time that eudicots - the plant group that comprises 75 percent of flowering plants - started branching out. The results, which confirm some earlier genetic studies, strengthen the case that flowering plants and pollinating bees have coevolved from the very beginning.
a) better friend. Brendan is
a) nine-year-old boy, and Tip is
a) ten-year-old dog. Brendan and Tip are an example of how owning
a) dog can have
a) positive effect on
a) child's development. Having
a) dog develops
a) child's sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches the nature of friendship.
a) dog helps
a) child learn how to act responsibly. As
a) dog owner, the child must take care of the animal's daily needs. The dog must be fed and exercised every day. A dog is completely dependent on its owner for all its needs, including the need for good health and
a) safe environment. If the child forgets any of these duties and responsibilities, or ignores any of the dog's needs, the dog will suffer. This is true not only for the care of
a) dog, but also for the care of oneself, another person, or one's job. Learning how to take responsibility for the health and welfare of
a) dog leads to learning how to take responsibility for oneself.
a) child can learn from having
a) dog is how to be empathetic. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in another person's situation and imagine that person's feelings or problems. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn how to interpret its behaviour. The child must learn to understand what the dog's behaviour means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog's mind. The result of learning to read
a) dog's behaviour is that the child develops empathy. By learning how to empathize with
a) dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming
a) more considerate and caring person.
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